Resistance

The book is a powerful and timely narrative of a history that is well worth the effort. Readers whose knowledge of the resistance against Hitler comes from movies must unlearn a lot of misinformation about its contribution to victory, organization, security and level of participation. Impressively debunking myths and deconstructing faulty history, the author adds that a resistance movement was active in every conquered nation, and heroism was widespread. However, resistance seemed futile from 1939 until Hitler’s June 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union. The Axis had conquered most of Europe. Responding to vicious Nazi treatment, Poles resisted from the beginning, but occupiers in Western Europe exerted a lighter hand, so there was a great deal of collaboration. The earliest organized opposition assisted refugees and then airmen to escape occupied Europe. This was as dangerous as sabotage, with “approximately one person being arrested for each airman who was helped.” Matters improved as Wehrmacht defeats in the Soviet Union made Allied victory a possibility, energizing resistance organizations, which learned from their mistakes, although not before a brutally efficient Gestapo devastated them with mass arrests during the summer of 1943. The resistance fighters also benefited when the Nazis vastly expanded forced labor and began their extermination programs. Various movements worked to integrate masses of young people, who suddenly had a motive to resist. Sadly, despite scattered exceptions, the resistance neglected many Jewish populations. Matters improved by 1944, with the Red Army advancing and the Allies landing in Italy and France. Legendary warfare agencies in the U.S. and Britain were dropping a steady stream of supplies and agents into occupied Europe, and most agents survived. Although sabotage dominates many popular accounts, intelligence gathering may have contributed more to victory. The chronicle goes beyond Germany’s surrender. She capably shows that while resistance organizations dissolved or entered politics in Western Europe, they continued to fight Soviet occupation or civil wars for years in Eastern Europe, Yugoslavia and Greece. TW