Book Review
Journey of the mind Two computational neuroscientists make a fascinating argument for a “hidden connectedness of all minds,” from primitive bacteria to AI–enhanced human intelligence. What is “the mind,” and how does it enable consciousness, language, and self-awareness? In carefully constructed chapters that build toward a unified theory of mind—a concept that scientists only recently developed the mathematical tools to explore—the authors introduce 17 increasingly intelligent entities to demonstrate the incremental and awe-inspiring emergence of awareness and consciousness. For each of these “minds,” the authors devise mental challenges and explain how the mind overcame them, a clever setup that draws readers into the surprisingly relatable drama of each scenario and enhances the authors’ conversational and equation-free writing style. Their descriptive language is sharp and engaging, and the easy-to-understand illustrations demonstrate the concepts underpinning evolving conscious experience, such as a bacteria’s interaction with the environment, the amoeba mind becoming aware of itself, and birdsong demonstrating culture. “Birdsong can…fuse the dynamics of two minds,” write the authors, “empowering a couple to focus on joint purposes and enabling them to share similar perceptions of important situations.” In later chapters, the authors explore “superminds,” which gave rise to language, civilization, and the concept of the “self,” and which continue to evolve as technology increases in sophistication and scope. Each of these examples bolsters their argument that “consciousness is a specific mental innovation that arose to solve specific mental challenges.” Though the authors do not skimp on their analysis, but the demystification they create may leave some readers wanting for more. Nonetheless, the authors imbue every detail with awe and enthusiasm, a reminder to readers that the very science underpinning their theories is only possible because of the wondrous machinations of the human mind itself, a mind that likely has not reached its apotheosis. Packed with insight and astonishing in scope, this book offers an original perspective on thinking and consciousness. TW
Otherlands
The book is a tour of the past worlds that the geological history of Earth reveals. British paleontologist and evolutionary biologist, the author roams the globe to examine the geological maxim that Earth’s past is its present and future—that the processes that once placed the continents into a single supermass will do so again. He begins along the banks of the Thames, which “now enters the sea more than 100 miles south of where it used to flow” thanks to changing sea levels in times of glaciation and glacial melt: Britain was once a tropical swamp. The author recognizes that geologic time is mind-boggling given a record of life that stretches back 4 billion years and a planet another half-billion years older than that. He takes pains, therefore, to write with clarity about what is “directly observable from the fossil record,” allowing for a few alternate theories and surprises. One of the latter is his observation that grasses are only 70 million years old, meaning that grassland animals are younger than that. He chronicles his travels to oddball geological places such as Italy’s Gargano Peninsula, which really belongs out in the middle of the ocean and which was populated “over the water, with ancestrally small animals—mice and dormice, for example, blown across on bits of floating plant, and birds flying over.” The monkeys that made their ways from Africa to South America had a tougher journey, crossing more than 1,000 miles of sea long after the continents broke apart 140 million years ago. The author brings good news: After periods of mass extinction come mass flourishing: “A new age begins, with new gods and new worlds. The bad news: Humans are likely toast all the same. TW
